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· 12 min read
Paul Yu

Welcome to Day 2 of Week 3 of #CloudNativeNewYear!

The theme for this week is Bringing Your Application to Kubernetes. Yesterday we talked about getting an existing application running in Kubernetes with a full pipeline in GitHub Actions. Today we'll evaluate our sample application's configuration, storage, and networking requirements and implement using Kubernetes and Azure resources.

Ask the Experts Thursday, February 9th at 9 AM PST

Watch our Q&A with Experts from the Azure Kubernetes Service product team!

Friday, February 10th at 11 AM PST

Watch the recorded demo and conversation about this week's topics.

We were live on YouTube walking through today's (and the rest of this week's) demos. Join us Friday, February 10th and bring your questions!

What We'll Cover​

  • Gather requirements
  • Implement environment variables using ConfigMaps
  • Implement persistent volumes using Azure Files
  • Implement secrets using Azure Key Vault
  • Re-package deployments
  • Conclusion
  • Resources
caution

Before you begin, make sure you've gone through yesterday's post to set up your AKS cluster.

Gather requirements​

The eShopOnWeb application is written in .NET 7 and has two major pieces of functionality. The web UI is where customers can browse and shop. The web UI also includes an admin portal for managing the product catalog. This admin portal, is packaged as a WebAssembly application and relies on a separate REST API service. Both the web UI and the REST API connect to the same SQL Server container.

Looking through the source code which can be found here we can identify requirements for configs, persistent storage, and secrets.

Database server​

  • Need to store the password for the sa account as a secure secret
  • Need persistent storage volume for data directory
  • Need to inject environment variables for SQL Server license type and EULA acceptance

Web UI and REST API service​

  • Need to store database connection string as a secure secret
  • Need to inject ASP.NET environment variables to override app settings
  • Need persistent storage volume for ASP.NET key storage

Implement environment variables using ConfigMaps​

ConfigMaps are relatively straight-forward to create. If you were following along with the examples last week, this should be review 😉

Create a ConfigMap to store database environment variables.

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: mssql-settings
data:
  MSSQL_PID: Developer
  ACCEPT_EULA: "Y"
EOF

Create another ConfigMap to store ASP.NET environment variables.

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: aspnet-settings
data:
  ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT: Development
EOF

Implement persistent volumes using Azure Files​

Similar to last week, we'll take advantage of storage classes built into AKS. For our SQL Server data, we'll use the azurefile-csi-premium storage class and leverage an Azure Files resource as our PersistentVolume.

Create a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) for persisting SQL Server data.

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: mssql-data
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteMany
  storageClassName: azurefile-csi-premium
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 5Gi
EOF

Create another PVC for persisting ASP.NET data.

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: aspnet-data
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteMany
  storageClassName: azurefile-csi-premium
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 5Gi
EOF

Implement secrets using Azure Key Vault​

It's a well known fact that Kubernetes secretes are not really secrets. They're just base64-encoded values and not secure, especially if malicious users have access to your Kubernetes cluster.

In a production scenario, you will want to leverage an external vault like Azure Key Vault or HashiCorp Vault to encrypt and store secrets.

With AKS, we can enable the Secrets Store CSI driver add-on which will allow us to leverage Azure Key Vault.

# Set some variables
RG_NAME=<YOUR_RESOURCE_GROUP_NAME>
AKS_NAME=<YOUR_AKS_CLUSTER_NAME>
ACR_NAME=<YOUR_ACR_NAME>

az aks enable-addons \
  --addons azure-keyvault-secrets-provider \
  --name $AKS_NAME \
  --resource-group $RG_NAME

With the add-on enabled, you should see aks-secrets-store-csi-driver and aks-secrets-store-provider-azure resources installed on each node in your Kubernetes cluster.

Run the command below to verify.

kubectl get pods \
  --namespace kube-system \
  --selector 'app in (secrets-store-csi-driver, secrets-store-provider-azure)'

The Secrets Store CSI driver allows us to use secret stores via Container Storage Interface (CSI) volumes. This provider offers capabilities such as mounting and syncing between the secure vault and Kubernetes Secrets. On AKS, the Azure Key Vault Provider for Secrets Store CSI Driver enables integration with Azure Key Vault.

You may not have an Azure Key Vault created yet, so let's create one and add some secrets to it.

AKV_NAME=$(az keyvault create \
  --name akv-eshop$RANDOM \
  --resource-group $RG_NAME \
  --query name -o tsv)

# Database server password
az keyvault secret set \
  --vault-name $AKV_NAME \
  --name mssql-password \
  --value "@someThingComplicated1234"

# Catalog database connection string
az keyvault secret set \
  --vault-name $AKV_NAME \
  --name mssql-connection-catalog \
  --value "Server=db;Database=Microsoft.eShopOnWeb.CatalogDb;User Id=sa;Password=@someThingComplicated1234;TrustServerCertificate=True;"

# Identity database connection string
az keyvault secret set \
  --vault-name $AKV_NAME \
  --name mssql-connection-identity \
  --value "Server=db;Database=Microsoft.eShopOnWeb.Identity;User Id=sa;Password=@someThingComplicated1234;TrustServerCertificate=True;"

Pods authentication using Azure Workload Identity​

In order for our Pods to retrieve secrets from Azure Key Vault, we'll need to set up a way for the Pod to authenticate against Azure AD. This can be achieved by implementing the new Azure Workload Identity feature of AKS.

info

At the time of this writing, the workload identity feature of AKS is in Preview.

The workload identity feature within AKS allows us to leverage native Kubernetes resources and link a Kubernetes ServiceAccount to an Azure Managed Identity to authenticate against Azure AD.

For the authentication flow, our Kubernetes cluster will act as an Open ID Connect (OIDC) issuer and will be able issue identity tokens to ServiceAccounts which will be assigned to our Pods.

The Azure Managed Identity will be granted permission to access secrets in our Azure Key Vault and with the ServiceAccount being assigned to our Pods, they will be able to retrieve our secrets.

For more information on how the authentication mechanism all works, check out this doc.

To implement all this, start by enabling the new preview feature for AKS.

az feature register \
  --namespace "Microsoft.ContainerService" \
  --name "EnableWorkloadIdentityPreview"
caution

This can take several minutes to complete.

Check the status and ensure the state shows Regestered before moving forward.

az feature show \
  --namespace "Microsoft.ContainerService" \
  --name "EnableWorkloadIdentityPreview"

Update your AKS cluster to enable the workload identity feature and enable the OIDC issuer endpoint.

az aks update \
  --name $AKS_NAME \
  --resource-group $RG_NAME \
  --enable-workload-identity \
  --enable-oidc-issuer

Create an Azure Managed Identity and retrieve its client ID.

MANAGED_IDENTITY_CLIENT_ID=$(az identity create \
  --name aks-workload-identity \
  --resource-group $RG_NAME \
  --subscription $(az account show --query id -o tsv) \
  --query 'clientId' -o tsv)

Create the Kubernetes ServiceAccount.

# Set namespace (this must align with the namespace that your app is deployed into)
SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAMESPACE=default

# Set the service account name
SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME=eshop-serviceaccount

# Create the service account
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  annotations:
    azure.workload.identity/client-id: ${MANAGED_IDENTITY_CLIENT_ID}
  labels:
    azure.workload.identity/use: "true"
  name: ${SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME}
  namespace: ${SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAMESPACE}
EOF
info

Note to enable this ServiceAccount to work with Azure Workload Identity, you must annotate the resource with azure.workload.identity/client-id, and add a label of azure.workload.identity/use: "true"

That was a lot... Let's review what we just did.

We have an Azure Managed Identity (object in Azure AD), an OIDC issuer URL (endpoint in our Kubernetes cluster), and a Kubernetes ServiceAccount.

The next step is to "tie" these components together and establish a Federated Identity Credential so that Azure AD can trust authentication requests from your Kubernetes cluster.

info

This identity federation can be established between Azure AD any Kubernetes cluster; not just AKS 🤗

To establish the federated credential, we'll need the OIDC issuer URL, and a subject which points to your Kubernetes ServiceAccount.

# Get the OIDC issuer URL
OIDC_ISSUER_URL=$(az aks show \
  --name $AKS_NAME \
  --resource-group $RG_NAME \
  --query "oidcIssuerProfile.issuerUrl" -o tsv)

# Set the subject name using this format: `system:serviceaccount:<YOUR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAMESPACE>:<YOUR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME>`
SUBJECT=system:serviceaccount:$SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAMESPACE:$SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME

az identity federated-credential create \
  --name aks-federated-credential \
  --identity-name aks-workload-identity \
  --resource-group $RG_NAME \
  --issuer $OIDC_ISSUER_URL \
  --subject $SUBJECT

With the authentication components set, we can now create a SecretProviderClass which includes details about the Azure Key Vault, the secrets to pull out from the vault, and identity used to access the vault.

# Get the tenant id for the key vault
TENANT_ID=$(az keyvault show \
  --name $AKV_NAME \
  --resource-group $RG_NAME \
  --query properties.tenantId -o tsv)

# Create the secret provider for azure key vault
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: secrets-store.csi.x-k8s.io/v1
kind: SecretProviderClass
metadata:
  name: eshop-azure-keyvault
spec:
  provider: azure
  parameters:
    usePodIdentity: "false"
    useVMManagedIdentity: "false"   
    clientID: "${MANAGED_IDENTITY_CLIENT_ID}"
    keyvaultName: "${AKV_NAME}"
    cloudName: ""
    objects:  |
      array:
        - |
          objectName: mssql-password
          objectType: secret
          objectVersion: ""
        - |
          objectName: mssql-connection-catalog
          objectType: secret
          objectVersion: ""
        - |
          objectName: mssql-connection-identity
          objectType: secret
          objectVersion: ""
    tenantId: "${TENANT_ID}"
  secretObjects:
  - secretName: eshop-secrets
    type: Opaque
    data:
      - objectName: mssql-password
        key: mssql-password
      - objectName: mssql-connection-catalog
        key: mssql-connection-catalog
      - objectName: mssql-connection-identity
        key: mssql-connection-identity
EOF

Finally, lets grant the Azure Managed Identity permissions to retrieve secrets from the Azure Key Vault.

az keyvault set-policy \
  --name $AKV_NAME \
  --secret-permissions get \
  --spn $MANAGED_IDENTITY_CLIENT_ID

Re-package deployments​

Update your database deployment to load environment variables from our ConfigMap, attach the PVC and SecretProviderClass as volumes, mount the volumes into the Pod, and use the ServiceAccount to retrieve secrets.

Additionally, you may notice the database Pod is set to use fsGroup:10001 as part of the securityContext. This is required as the MSSQL container runs using a non-root account called mssql and this account has the proper permissions to read/write data at the /var/opt/mssql mount path.

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: db
  labels:
    app: db
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: db
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: db
    spec:
      securityContext:
        fsGroup: 10001
      serviceAccountName: ${SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME}
      containers:
        - name: db
          image: mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest
          ports:
            - containerPort: 1433
          envFrom:
            - configMapRef:
                name: mssql-settings
          env:
            - name: MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: eshop-secrets
                  key: mssql-password
          resources: {}
          volumeMounts:
            - name: mssqldb
              mountPath: /var/opt/mssql
            - name: eshop-secrets
              mountPath: "/mnt/secrets-store"
              readOnly: true
      volumes:
        - name: mssqldb
          persistentVolumeClaim:
            claimName: mssql-data
        - name: eshop-secrets
          csi:
            driver: secrets-store.csi.k8s.io
            readOnly: true
            volumeAttributes:
              secretProviderClass: eshop-azure-keyvault
EOF

We'll update the API and Web deployments in a similar way.

# Set the image tag
IMAGE_TAG=<YOUR_IMAGE_TAG>

# API deployment
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: api
  labels:
    app: api
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: api
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: api
    spec:
      serviceAccount: ${SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME}
      containers:
        - name: api
          image: ${ACR_NAME}.azurecr.io/api:${IMAGE_TAG}
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
          envFrom:
            - configMapRef:
                name: aspnet-settings
          env:
            - name: ConnectionStrings__CatalogConnection
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: eshop-secrets
                  key: mssql-connection-catalog
            - name: ConnectionStrings__IdentityConnection
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: eshop-secrets
                  key: mssql-connection-identity
          resources: {}
          volumeMounts:
            - name: aspnet
              mountPath: ~/.aspnet/https:/root/.aspnet/https:ro
            - name: eshop-secrets
              mountPath: "/mnt/secrets-store"
              readOnly: true
      volumes:
        - name: aspnet
          persistentVolumeClaim:
            claimName: aspnet-data
        - name: eshop-secrets
          csi:
            driver: secrets-store.csi.k8s.io
            readOnly: true
            volumeAttributes:
                secretProviderClass: eshop-azure-keyvault
EOF

## Web deployment
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: web
  labels:
    app: web
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: web
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: web
    spec:
      serviceAccount: ${SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME}
      containers:
        - name: web
          image: ${ACR_NAME}.azurecr.io/web:${IMAGE_TAG}
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
          envFrom:
            - configMapRef:
                name: aspnet-settings
          env:
            - name: ConnectionStrings__CatalogConnection
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: eshop-secrets
                  key: mssql-connection-catalog
            - name: ConnectionStrings__IdentityConnection
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: eshop-secrets
                  key: mssql-connection-identity
          resources: {}
          volumeMounts:
            - name: aspnet
              mountPath: ~/.aspnet/https:/root/.aspnet/https:ro
            - name: eshop-secrets
              mountPath: "/mnt/secrets-store"
              readOnly: true
      volumes:
        - name: aspnet
          persistentVolumeClaim:
            claimName: aspnet-data
        - name: eshop-secrets
          csi:
            driver: secrets-store.csi.k8s.io
            readOnly: true
            volumeAttributes:
                secretProviderClass: eshop-azure-keyvault
EOF

If all went well with your deployment updates, you should be able to browse to your website and buy some merchandise again 🥳

echo "http://$(kubectl get service web -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}')"

Conclusion​

Although there is no visible changes on with our website, we've made a ton of changes on the Kubernetes backend to make this application much more secure and resilient.

We used a combination of Kubernetes resources and AKS-specific features to achieve our goal of securing our secrets and ensuring data is not lost on container crashes and restarts.

To learn more about the components we leveraged here today, checkout the resources and additional tutorials listed below.

You can also find manifests with all the changes made in today's post in the Azure-Samples/eShopOnAKS repository.

See you in the next post!

Resources​

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